5 thoughts on “What is the difference between Byzantine and the commercial development of the Tang Dynasty?”
Jeffrey
I. The historical necessity of the prominent development of the commodity economy during the Warring States Period through the comparison of the early feudal economy of the Byzantine Empire The commodity economy of slave society was relatively developed. Marx pointed out in Volume 3 of "Capital": "In ancient Rome, in the late period of the republic, merchant capital has developed to an unprecedented level in the ancient world." The conquest of the Western Roman Empire was destroyed. At this time, "the productive forces have been greatly damaged ... the commercial pause or forced to interrupt, and the urban and rural residents have decreased." Marx said: "The starting point of the Middle Ages is the countryside" It fully shows that the feudal economy in Western Europe is not the direct transformation of the Roman slavery economy with a high development of the commodity and currency economy. Different from the Western Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire East Roman Empire did not suffer from the scan and destruction of the barbarians. In the decline of the decline: "The remaining things are only in Greece in the eastern empire." Byzantine's slavery economy was directly transformed into the feudal economy on the basis of the 4th and 5th centuries. Early feudal economy. The early feudal economic development of Byzantine was also very different from the early Economic Economy of the Western European feudal. The commodity and currency economy continued to develop on the basis of the original slave society, reaching a high level, which is extremely prominent in the history of the entire world. The early feudal economy of Byzantine's fifth and sixth centuries gave us great inspiration to the development of the commodity economy during the Warring States Period. The development of business and handicrafts. Byzantine's land, Asia, Asia, and Africa is the distribution center of Eastern and Western trade. In particular, the capital Constantinople is a cross point for Eastern and Western trade. East's high -grade silk fabrics, refined leather, various spices, jewelry, and ivory are transformed into Europe through Byzantine. The local products of Europe and Byzantine such as wine, wheat, mineral products, weapons, and metal appliances also transported to the east through Byzantine. Business during the Warring States Period was also the same as Byzantine's communication. The tributes of each state in "Shang Shu Yu Gong" are reflected in the exchanges of Sifang soil -producing production; "Xunzi · King System" also has a good summary: "Beihai has a bark dog ... Zeng Qingdan is dry ... There are purple fish salt in the East China Sea ... the West Sea has leather text ... However, China uses it. " The production of handicraft industry in Byzantine is also very developed. The mining, metal processing industry, metal manufacturing, jewelry ivory processing, jewelry, and glass manufacturing are all famous in the world. Byzantine's handicraft industry production is also very developed. The mining, metal processing industry, metal manufacturing, jewelry ivory processing, jewelry, and glass manufacturing are all famous in the world. · In general: "All the world's groups of work, light car saddle, cultivating Zi Zimi ... It is enough to dedicate it to the people." In particular, Byzantine should be pointed out. It is also the same as the Warring States Period, that is, the country's control of the city and the existence of a large number of national handicraft workshops. Second, the prosperity of the urban economy. Under the destruction of the barbarians in the Western Roman slave society, except for the broken and unbearable London and Paris, they almost disappeared. The starting point of the feudal society was in the countryside, and the city did not rise and develop until the eleventh century. China and Byzantine are not. The cities of the slave society are all retained. Entering the feudal society cities, they develop rapidly on the basis of the original basis, and the situation of abnormal urban economic prosperity appears. The "Wanjiayi Xiangxiang" during the Warring States Period, the Yan State of the Yan State, the Handan of Zhao State, the Wen of the Wei State, the Linzi of Qi State, the Wan of Chu State Wu and others are all famous big cities and are prosperous. Qi Guo Linzi has a population of about 210,000 people. Raising the curtain, sweating into rain. " Byzantine was about 600 cities in the fifth and sixth centuries. Except for the Capital Constantinople, the Institute, Teronlia, Dibis, Corinus, and Alexander Dalia were all famous prosperous cities. The prosperity of Constantinople was also rare in the world at that time. The population of about 600,000 people in the middle of the sixth century, the buildings are brilliant, the industrial and commercial spokes, there are 14 magnificent large palaces, and there are seven to nine floors on the high -rise buildings in the urban area. of. Merchants of various countries are gathered here such as Italian merchants, Frank merchants, Russian businessmen, Spanish businessmen, Arab businessmen, and Persian businessmen. The early urban nature of Byzantine was the same as the Chinese Warring States Period, but different from Western Europe. Western European cities are a economic center that is not controlled by the feudal owner, while the Warring States and Byzantine cities are the political centers and economic centers controlled by the feudal monarchs of centralized authoritarianism. In addition, the city of the Warring States Period and Byzantine has always existed in the prosperity of the consumer economy, and it has always been the "prince's camp". Unlike the urban prosperity in the late Middle Ages of Western Europe, it does not mean that there will be a qualitative change in socio -economic changes. Essence Third, the high development of the monetary economy. Different from the early Middle Ages of Western Europe, during the Warring States Period, like Byzantine, with the huge development level of the commodity economy, the development level of the currency economy was quite high. The officially appeared in China, perhaps in the late spring and autumn. During the Warring States Period, copper coins developed rapidly, with many types and huge circulation. In particular, gold also entered the currency field. There are two types of gold during the Warring States Period, one is "pound", which is 16 or two; the other is "镒", which is twenty -two. The Chu State was rich in gold, and gold was first used in Chu State, and then gradually entered the Central Plains. Chu State can be said to have gold coin, there are two forms: one is a round gold cake; the other is plate -shaped gold sheets. One of the gold sheets is divided into sixteen small grids, and there are also 19 small grids. Cut it during use. A gold sheet is in line with 16 or two, which is exactly one pound. At that time, most of the precious luxury goods such as thousands of miles, jewelery, ivory, fox fur, etc. were mostly gold -based value and circulation methods. The payment method of rewarding and bribery by ruling class is also gold. The level of monetary economic development in Byzantine is higher than the Warring States Period. At the turn of the fifth and sixth centuries, Byzantine once changed the physical land tax to levy currency, and no other donations were levied currency. The state treasury accumulated gold and was very popular. Byzantine has a more complete monetary system than the Chinese Warring States Period. Byzantine has three types of gold, silver, and copper. One gold coin is equivalent to twelve silver coins, and one silver coin is equivalent to twenty -four copper coins. Byzantine's gold coin -Ginnolisma has long existed, and it is also considered a standard currency in Europe and some Asia -African regions. In the comparative discussions of the above three aspects, we seem to make such a conclusion: the prominent development of the early feudal commodity and currency economy is not strange, but the inevitable and regular phenomenon. The "wealth" created and accumulated as a slave society in the old society. Marx and Engels said: "History is nothing except for generations. Each generation uses the materials, funds and productivity left by various generations." "Prosperity" and "wealth", then China and Byzantine are relatively lucky at this point. Therefore, the social economy is prosperous in the beginning of the feudal society. The prominent development of the commodity and monetary economy has become a phenomenon. It's right. American historian Thompson said: "Eastern Europe and Western Asia have not felt the long -term dull state, that is, the state of backwardness that Western Europe knows. The historical continuity I see is the most moving great historical fact. "In fact, there is also this" historical continuity "in China. After continuing the development of Western Europe, the development scene with a magnificent development of the commodity and currency economy also constituted an important part of China's "most moving great historical facts" at that time. . The prominent development of the commodity economy during the Warring States Period and the prominent development of the 14th and fifteenth centuries of the Western European Europe did not exist. It is believed that "in Europe, this phenomenon was first appeared in some cities along the Mediterranean coast by the 14th and fifteenth centuries." This view is worth discussing, because the Warring States Period of the Third and Fourteen Century BC, It is different from the historical period of some cities along the Mediterranean coast of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth centuries. There is no comparability between the two. Why can't the Warring States Period and the 14th and fifteenth centuries of AD and Western Europe not compare with each other in the "historical development period" in the 14th and fifteenth centuries? First of all, Western Europe has disintegrated in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, while in some parts of Italy, it disintegrated earlier, almost disappearing in the 13th century. As the serf returns to the lease of the labor service, the lord has rented its own place, which has caused significant changes in socio -economic. Because the serf's "converting is connected with the development of the monetary economy, through the converting, the foundation of the" natural economy "of the manor has been destroyed from the inside". The 14th and fifteenth centuries, whether the local cities along the China Sea coast are theory, or the whole entire entire Western Europe said that the commodity economy has taken a new stage of rapid development, and its historical conditions are the disintegration of feudal natural economy. If the economic unit that forms the natural economy of Western European society is the feudal estate, the economic unit that forms the natural economy of Chinese society is a single family of farmers. During the Warring States Period, Jingtian disintegrated, and the self -cultivation of self -cultivation or farming farmers of the family lived a self -sufficient life of "male and female weaving". The so -called farmhouse "five kinds of pasta must be mixed ... and the Luxu mulberry, Cai Ru has crickets, melon fruits, colonyed in Xinjiang Yi, chicken and dolphin dogs, women repair silkworm woven" It is a good portrayal of the natural and economic situation of the pre -Qin period. During the 356 BC, the Shangyang Reform also stipulated that "strive for the industry, and the weaving to the so many people to return to it", which indicates that the natural economy of "male plowing and female weaving" during the Warring States Period is not only common, but also under the encouragement of the country, but also the country's encouragement. It will also become increasingly consolidated. We cannot see the side of the prosperity of the commodity economy during the Warring States Period, and completely ignore the original side of the natural economy and the increasingly consolidated side during this period. Secondly, due to the different historical periods, the specific content of the commodity economy is different. We cannot view the prominent development of the commodity economy during the disintegration stage of the feudal natural economy and the prominent development of the commodity economy at the stage of consolidation of the feudal natural economy, and treat them equally. Because the natural economy does not completely exclude the commodity economy, without affecting the existence of the natural economy, the commodity economy can not occur without prominent development.
I think this Byzantine and the commercial development of the Tang Dynasty, I think together is this. The two are irrelevant, and the efficiency is not the same, and it is not a thing, so it is different.
The city of the Warring States Period and Byzantine has always existed in the prosperity of the consumer economy, and it has always been the "prince's camp". Unlike the urban prosperity in the late Middle Ages of Western Europe, it does not mean that there will be a qualitative change in socio -economic changes.
Typical comparison, Byzantine represents ancient Greece, Roman culture, carved stone carvings, cathedrals, Roman pillar art, stone, and small castles, mostly irregularities, culturally mainly various myths and heroes Epic, etc.,, the Tang Dynasty brought oriental culture, carved beams and columns, with frustration and feet, brick -hybrid wood structures, large castles, paying attention to Founder, porcelain, Tang Sancai, cultural worship of Confucianism and Chinese dragon totem, Buddhism Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism , Poetry is the most prominent,
Typical comparison, Byzantine represents ancient Greece, Roman culture, carved stone carvings, cathedrals, Roman pillar art, stone, and small castles, mostly irregularities, culturally mainly various myths and heroes Epic, etc.
I. The historical necessity of the prominent development of the commodity economy during the Warring States Period through the comparison of the early feudal economy of the Byzantine Empire
The commodity economy of slave society was relatively developed. Marx pointed out in Volume 3 of "Capital": "In ancient Rome, in the late period of the republic, merchant capital has developed to an unprecedented level in the ancient world." The conquest of the Western Roman Empire was destroyed. At this time, "the productive forces have been greatly damaged ... the commercial pause or forced to interrupt, and the urban and rural residents have decreased." Marx said: "The starting point of the Middle Ages is the countryside" It fully shows that the feudal economy in Western Europe is not the direct transformation of the Roman slavery economy with a high development of the commodity and currency economy.
Different from the Western Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire East Roman Empire did not suffer from the scan and destruction of the barbarians. In the decline of the decline: "The remaining things are only in Greece in the eastern empire." Byzantine's slavery economy was directly transformed into the feudal economy on the basis of the 4th and 5th centuries. Early feudal economy. The early feudal economic development of Byzantine was also very different from the early Economic Economy of the Western European feudal. The commodity and currency economy continued to develop on the basis of the original slave society, reaching a high level, which is extremely prominent in the history of the entire world. The early feudal economy of Byzantine's fifth and sixth centuries gave us great inspiration to the development of the commodity economy during the Warring States Period.
The development of business and handicrafts. Byzantine's land, Asia, Asia, and Africa is the distribution center of Eastern and Western trade. In particular, the capital Constantinople is a cross point for Eastern and Western trade. East's high -grade silk fabrics, refined leather, various spices, jewelry, and ivory are transformed into Europe through Byzantine. The local products of Europe and Byzantine such as wine, wheat, mineral products, weapons, and metal appliances also transported to the east through Byzantine. Business during the Warring States Period was also the same as Byzantine's communication. The tributes of each state in "Shang Shu Yu Gong" are reflected in the exchanges of Sifang soil -producing production; "Xunzi · King System" also has a good summary: "Beihai has a bark dog ... Zeng Qingdan is dry ... There are purple fish salt in the East China Sea ... the West Sea has leather text ... However, China uses it. "
The production of handicraft industry in Byzantine is also very developed. The mining, metal processing industry, metal manufacturing, jewelry ivory processing, jewelry, and glass manufacturing are all famous in the world. Byzantine's handicraft industry production is also very developed. The mining, metal processing industry, metal manufacturing, jewelry ivory processing, jewelry, and glass manufacturing are all famous in the world. · In general: "All the world's groups of work, light car saddle, cultivating Zi Zimi ... It is enough to dedicate it to the people." In particular, Byzantine should be pointed out. It is also the same as the Warring States Period, that is, the country's control of the city and the existence of a large number of national handicraft workshops. Second, the prosperity of the urban economy. Under the destruction of the barbarians in the Western Roman slave society, except for the broken and unbearable London and Paris, they almost disappeared. The starting point of the feudal society was in the countryside, and the city did not rise and develop until the eleventh century. China and Byzantine are not. The cities of the slave society are all retained. Entering the feudal society cities, they develop rapidly on the basis of the original basis, and the situation of abnormal urban economic prosperity appears.
The "Wanjiayi Xiangxiang" during the Warring States Period, the Yan State of the Yan State, the Handan of Zhao State, the Wen of the Wei State, the Linzi of Qi State, the Wan of Chu State Wu and others are all famous big cities and are prosperous. Qi Guo Linzi has a population of about 210,000 people. Raising the curtain, sweating into rain. " Byzantine was about 600 cities in the fifth and sixth centuries. Except for the Capital Constantinople, the Institute, Teronlia, Dibis, Corinus, and Alexander Dalia were all famous prosperous cities. The prosperity of Constantinople was also rare in the world at that time. The population of about 600,000 people in the middle of the sixth century, the buildings are brilliant, the industrial and commercial spokes, there are 14 magnificent large palaces, and there are seven to nine floors on the high -rise buildings in the urban area. of. Merchants of various countries are gathered here such as Italian merchants, Frank merchants, Russian businessmen, Spanish businessmen, Arab businessmen, and Persian businessmen.
The early urban nature of Byzantine was the same as the Chinese Warring States Period, but different from Western Europe. Western European cities are a economic center that is not controlled by the feudal owner, while the Warring States and Byzantine cities are the political centers and economic centers controlled by the feudal monarchs of centralized authoritarianism. In addition, the city of the Warring States Period and Byzantine has always existed in the prosperity of the consumer economy, and it has always been the "prince's camp". Unlike the urban prosperity in the late Middle Ages of Western Europe, it does not mean that there will be a qualitative change in socio -economic changes. Essence Third, the high development of the monetary economy. Different from the early Middle Ages of Western Europe, during the Warring States Period, like Byzantine, with the huge development level of the commodity economy, the development level of the currency economy was quite high.
The officially appeared in China, perhaps in the late spring and autumn. During the Warring States Period, copper coins developed rapidly, with many types and huge circulation. In particular, gold also entered the currency field. There are two types of gold during the Warring States Period, one is "pound", which is 16 or two; the other is "镒", which is twenty -two. The Chu State was rich in gold, and gold was first used in Chu State, and then gradually entered the Central Plains. Chu State can be said to have gold coin, there are two forms: one is a round gold cake; the other is plate -shaped gold sheets. One of the gold sheets is divided into sixteen small grids, and there are also 19 small grids. Cut it during use. A gold sheet is in line with 16 or two, which is exactly one pound. At that time, most of the precious luxury goods such as thousands of miles, jewelery, ivory, fox fur, etc. were mostly gold -based value and circulation methods. The payment method of rewarding and bribery by ruling class is also gold.
The level of monetary economic development in Byzantine is higher than the Warring States Period. At the turn of the fifth and sixth centuries, Byzantine once changed the physical land tax to levy currency, and no other donations were levied currency. The state treasury accumulated gold and was very popular. Byzantine has a more complete monetary system than the Chinese Warring States Period. Byzantine has three types of gold, silver, and copper. One gold coin is equivalent to twelve silver coins, and one silver coin is equivalent to twenty -four copper coins. Byzantine's gold coin -Ginnolisma has long existed, and it is also considered a standard currency in Europe and some Asia -African regions.
In the comparative discussions of the above three aspects, we seem to make such a conclusion: the prominent development of the early feudal commodity and currency economy is not strange, but the inevitable and regular phenomenon. The "wealth" created and accumulated as a slave society in the old society. Marx and Engels said: "History is nothing except for generations. Each generation uses the materials, funds and productivity left by various generations." "Prosperity" and "wealth", then China and Byzantine are relatively lucky at this point. Therefore, the social economy is prosperous in the beginning of the feudal society. The prominent development of the commodity and monetary economy has become a phenomenon. It's right.
American historian Thompson said: "Eastern Europe and Western Asia have not felt the long -term dull state, that is, the state of backwardness that Western Europe knows. The historical continuity I see is the most moving great historical fact. "In fact, there is also this" historical continuity "in China. After continuing the development of Western Europe, the development scene with a magnificent development of the commodity and currency economy also constituted an important part of China's "most moving great historical facts" at that time.
. The prominent development of the commodity economy during the Warring States Period and the prominent development of the 14th and fifteenth centuries of the Western European Europe did not exist. It is believed that "in Europe, this phenomenon was first appeared in some cities along the Mediterranean coast by the 14th and fifteenth centuries." This view is worth discussing, because the Warring States Period of the Third and Fourteen Century BC, It is different from the historical period of some cities along the Mediterranean coast of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth centuries. There is no comparability between the two. Why can't the Warring States Period and the 14th and fifteenth centuries of AD and Western Europe not compare with each other in the "historical development period" in the 14th and fifteenth centuries?
First of all, Western Europe has disintegrated in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, while in some parts of Italy, it disintegrated earlier, almost disappearing in the 13th century. As the serf returns to the lease of the labor service, the lord has rented its own place, which has caused significant changes in socio -economic. Because the serf's "converting is connected with the development of the monetary economy, through the converting, the foundation of the" natural economy "of the manor has been destroyed from the inside". The 14th and fifteenth centuries, whether the local cities along the China Sea coast are theory, or the whole entire entire Western Europe said that the commodity economy has taken a new stage of rapid development, and its historical conditions are the disintegration of feudal natural economy.
If the economic unit that forms the natural economy of Western European society is the feudal estate, the economic unit that forms the natural economy of Chinese society is a single family of farmers. During the Warring States Period, Jingtian disintegrated, and the self -cultivation of self -cultivation or farming farmers of the family lived a self -sufficient life of "male and female weaving". The so -called farmhouse "five kinds of pasta must be mixed ... and the Luxu mulberry, Cai Ru has crickets, melon fruits, colonyed in Xinjiang Yi, chicken and dolphin dogs, women repair silkworm woven" It is a good portrayal of the natural and economic situation of the pre -Qin period. During the 356 BC, the Shangyang Reform also stipulated that "strive for the industry, and the weaving to the so many people to return to it", which indicates that the natural economy of "male plowing and female weaving" during the Warring States Period is not only common, but also under the encouragement of the country, but also the country's encouragement. It will also become increasingly consolidated. We cannot see the side of the prosperity of the commodity economy during the Warring States Period, and completely ignore the original side of the natural economy and the increasingly consolidated side during this period.
Secondly, due to the different historical periods, the specific content of the commodity economy is different. We cannot view the prominent development of the commodity economy during the disintegration stage of the feudal natural economy and the prominent development of the commodity economy at the stage of consolidation of the feudal natural economy, and treat them equally. Because the natural economy does not completely exclude the commodity economy, without affecting the existence of the natural economy, the commodity economy can not occur without prominent development.
I think this Byzantine and the commercial development of the Tang Dynasty, I think together is this. The two are irrelevant, and the efficiency is not the same, and it is not a thing, so it is different.
The city of the Warring States Period and Byzantine has always existed in the prosperity of the consumer economy, and it has always been the "prince's camp". Unlike the urban prosperity in the late Middle Ages of Western Europe, it does not mean that there will be a qualitative change in socio -economic changes.
Typical comparison, Byzantine represents ancient Greece, Roman culture, carved stone carvings, cathedrals, Roman pillar art, stone, and small castles, mostly irregularities, culturally mainly various myths and heroes Epic, etc.,, the Tang Dynasty brought oriental culture, carved beams and columns, with frustration and feet, brick -hybrid wood structures, large castles, paying attention to Founder, porcelain, Tang Sancai, cultural worship of Confucianism and Chinese dragon totem, Buddhism Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism , Poetry is the most prominent,
Typical comparison, Byzantine represents ancient Greece, Roman culture, carved stone carvings, cathedrals, Roman pillar art, stone, and small castles, mostly irregularities, culturally mainly various myths and heroes Epic, etc.